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Chapter 8&9 summary see attached files Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,

September 10, 2024

Chapter 8&9 summary see attached files

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1

Sociology: The
Essentials, 

10e
Chapter 9: Global Stratification

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted
to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2

Chapter Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Define global stratification and describe its components.
• Compare and contrast different explanations of global stratification.
• Describe the various consequences of global stratification.
• Explain the causes and consequences of global poverty.
• Summarize the impact of globalization for social change.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3

Icebreaker: Children in Poverty  
(15 minutes)

• Center a discussion on why children live and die.
−Why do children in developed countries live?
−Why are children in developing countries more often at risk?
−How does this impact life expectancy overall for:
▪People in developed countries?
▪People in developing countries?

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4

Global Stratification (1 of 2)

• Not just rich and poor people but also rich and poor countries.
• A growing number of countries are poor and getting poorer.
• System of global stratification in which the units we are considering are

countries.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5

Global Stratification (2 of 2)

• Global outsourcing—how jobs are located overseas while supporting U.S.-
based business.
• Semi-skilled jobs, such as data entry, medical transcription, and so forth.
• Outsourced jobs also in high tech industries, software design, market

research, and research activities.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6

Rich and Poor

• One measure of wealth of nation is per capita gross national income (GNI).
This is measured as the:
−Total output of goods/services produced by residents of a country each

year…
−Plus income from nonresident sources…
−Divided by the population.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7

Global Networks of Power and Influence  
(1 of 2)

• The core countries (also referred to as First World countries) have the most
power in the world economic system.
−They control and profit the most from the world system.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8

Global Networks of Power and Influence  
(2 of 2)

• Semi-peripheral countries: semi-industrialized (also known as Second World
countries).
−Represent a kind of middle class (such as Spain, Turkey, and Mexico).
−Play a middleman role.

▪ Take profits from poor countries; pass profits to the core countries.
• Peripheral countries (also known as Third World countries) at the bottom.

−Poor, largely agricultural countries with natural resources exploited by core
countries.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9

Figure 9-3 Who Owns the World’s Wealth?

Source: Davies, James B., Susanna Sandstrom, Anthony Shorrocks, and Edward N. Wolff. 2008. “The World Distribution of Household Wealth.”
UNU-WIDER, World Institute for Development Economics Research. Helsinki, Finland.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10

Collaborative Activity  
(20 minutes)

• Bring up data from The World Bank showing gross national income (GNI). Have
students review the map data and then scroll down to the data section. While scrolling
through the countries and viewing the most recent data, begin a discussion.

• Remind students that development is made up of many factors besides economic
(environmental, cultural, and educational for example).
− There is no single measure that can provide a complete picture.
− The GNI is a good measure because it take into consideration some of these

factors.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11

Theories of Global Stratification

• Modernization theory: growth of countries stems from technological change.
−Theory was developed to explain why some countries achieved economic

growth and why others had not.
−Economic development is how traditional societies become complex/

differentiated.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12

Dependency Theory

• Dependency theory: poor countries’ poverty is a direct result of their
dependence on the wealthy countries.
−Poverty of many countries is a result of exploitation by powerful countries for

their raw materials and cheap labor.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13

World Systems Theory

• World systems theory: no nation in the world is in isolation.
−Each country, no matter how remote, is tied in many ways to the other

countries in the world.
−The world economic system must be understood as a single unit.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14

Collaborative Activity  
(15 minutes)

• Divide the class into three equal groups to discuss the pros and cons of each of
the theoretical perspectives presented in this chapter.
−Modernization theory
−Dependency theory
−World systems theory

• Join the class after 10 minutes and share each group’s findings.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15

Consequences of Global Stratification

• One of the biggest differences in rich and poor nations is population.
−The poorest countries have the highest birthrates and the highest death

rates.
− In the poorest countries, women have an average of almost five children.
− In the richest countries, women have about two children over their lifetimes.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16

Health and the Environment

• Significant differences are also evident in the basic health standards of
countries.
• The high-income countries have:

−Lower childhood death rates.
−Higher life expectancies.
−Fewer children born underweight.
−Access to clean water and acceptable sewer systems.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17

Discussion Activity  
(15 minutes)

• Have students discuss the global AIDS crisis. Have them offer explanations for
AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.
−How does our culture address certain health issues?
−What are the ramifications of AIDS for the world?
−How has it changed the way people live?

• For a more in-depth discussion, download and share the Global HIV & AIDS
statistics—Fact Sheet.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18

Education and Illiteracy

• In the high-income nations of the world:
−Education is almost universal.
−Majority of children attend school at some level.
−Literacy/education are now taken for granted.

• In the middle- and lower-income nations, the picture is quite different.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19

Gender Inequality

• Country’s position affects gender relations.
−Poverty is usually felt more by women than by men.

• The gender inequality index is a composite of three key components of
women’s lives:
−Reproductive health
−Empowerment
−Labor market status

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20

War and Terrorism

• Global stratification can cause international conflicts (war/terrorism).
• Global inequality contributes to world instability.
• Global stratification creates inequalities in the distribution of power between

nations.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21

World Poverty

• The United States identifies relative poverty, a measure of poverty relative to
the rest of U.S. society.
• The World Bank and the United Nations measure world poverty in two ways:

−Absolute poverty: the amount of money needed in a country to meet basic
needs for survival (food, shelter, clothing).
−Extreme poverty: people living on the equivalent of less than $1.25 per day.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22

Women and Children in Poverty

• Women bear a burden from world poverty, or double deprivation.
• Another problem in the very poor areas of the world is homeless children.

−Children go without education and fend for themselves, even at young ages.

Andersen, Sociology: The Essentials, 10th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23

Causes of World Poverty

• What causes world poverty?
• Poverty is a result of a mix of causes.

−Poor areas have a history of unstable governments or no effective
government to coordinate national development.
−Poverty is also caused by changes in the world economic system.
−An often-unrecognized cause of poverty is war.

Globalization and Social Change (1 of 2)

• New technologies now allow for globalization.
• Extraordinarily fast transactions are possible across tremendous distances.
• Some countries are better off, but many countries remain poor.

Globalization and Social Change (2 of 2)

• Globalization will continue to shape the future of most nations.
−Some see it as expansion of Western markets and culture into all parts of the

world.
−New products become available in remote parts of the world, but some see

this as a form of imperialism—that is, the domination of Western nations.

Quick Facts

• About 1 billion people live in extreme poverty.
• About 10% of the world’s population lives in poverty—representing a global

underclass.
• About 2 billion people in the world are malnourished, leading to disease and

death.
• About 13 million homeless children in Latin America must fend for themselves.
• About 156 million children (under the age of 17) work long hours in the paid

labor force (mostly in Asia).

Discussion Activity  
(10 minutes)

• Whenever the United States has a need for a large number of people with a
certain set of skills such as doctors, nurses, engineers, computer technicians, or
even laborers, Congress adjusts its immigration policy. The possibility for a good
life in America draws many skilled and professional people to this country, which
creates a shortage of these talents in the foreign home nation. This is particularly
true in the health care and engineering fields in the 21st century.
−Discuss the pros and cons of this pattern for our country and for a foreign

country of your choice.

Assessment 1

Each nation is part of a system of __________ that creates great inequality in the
life chances for people in nations around the world.
A. Economic independence
B. Global stratification
C. International organization
D. New world order

Assessment 1 Answer

B. Global stratification

Assessment 2

__________ argues that no nation can be seen in isolation. There are economic
interconnections that must be understood as a single unit.
A. Dependency theory
B. World systems theory
C. The Neocolonialism theory
D. Modernization theory

Assessment 2 Answer

B. World systems theory

Assessment 3

When people have to live on less than $1.25 per day, it is known as ________.
A. Relative poverty
B. Extreme poverty
C. Multidimensional poverty
D. Absolute poverty

Assessment 3 Answer

B. Extreme poverty

Summary

Click the link to review the objectives for this presentation.
Link to Objectives

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